In Australia, research on biofuels is focusing on a simple yet powerful idea: making better use of what we already have. The goal is to valorise agricultural residues, forestry waste, and industrial by-products that are currently underutilised, and turn these “secondary” materials into a stable resource for producing low-emission fuels. All of this without expanding cultivated land, but instead optimising land use and soil functions. Models such as integrated farming and agroforestry show that food, energy, and biodiversity can coexist without competing with each other. This topic is presented by Anannya Mishra from CSIRO Agriculture and Food.